[1] K. Rahner, "Experiment: Man", Theology Digest, Sesquicentennial Issue, 1968, 57-69.old.

[2] Az élet közvetlen és közvetett kioltása közötti különbséget a hagyomány a "kettős okozat" irányelvének segítségével állapította meg. Ez a tanulmány közvetve arra is rámutat, hogy ez az irányelv a modern erkölcs-teológiában feleslegessé vált.

[3] Az "elv" kifejezés az erkölcsi értékmeghatározás általános érvényű, de elvont jellegű normatív megfogalmazását jelenti. A "gyakorlati szabály vagy irányelv" ezzel szemben cselekedet-típusokat jelöl meg, melyeknek bizonyos feltételek mellett jó vagy rossz értéke van. Erkölcsi kötelező erejük ezeknek a feltételeknek a megvalósulásától függ, ezért a kivétel lehetőségét a gyakorlati irányelvek szükségszerűen magukba foglalják.

[4] AAS., 44(1952), 787 és 784. old.

[5] Ez természetesen fennáll például a halálos ítélet megállapításának és végrehajtásának az esetében is. Ennek ellenére annak lehetőségét napjainkig a keresztény erkölcstan elfogadta.

[6] Richard A. McCormick, "Ambiguity of Moral Choice", in his Doing Evil to Achieve Good Loyola University Press, 1978, 7-53 old.

[7] Amíg a katolikus erkölcsteológiában ez az elv alapvető szerepet játszik hosszú ideje, a protestáns erkölcsi gondolkodás soha nem használta azt. Ennek egyik magyarázata abban a tényben rejlik, hogy az elv egyik feltevése a "petitio principii" klasszikus példájának tekinthető.

[8] XI. Pius, "The Prolongatton of Life", an Address to an International Congress of Anestesiologists, Nov. 24, 1957, The Pope Speaks", 4(1957), 393-398. old. A.A.S. 49 (1957), 1027-1033. old.

[9] Daniel Callahan, "The Sanctity of Life", in D.R. Cutler (szerk.), Updating Life and Death, Beacon Pr., 1969(2), 202-207.old.

[10] Jean L. Marx, "Three mice 'cloned' in Switzerland," Science, 211(1981), Jan. 23, 375-76.old.[]

Richard Palmiter, R.L. Brinster et alii; "Dramatic growth of mice that developed from eggs microinjected with metallothionein - growth hormonfusion genes". Nature, 300(1982), Dec.16, 611-612. old.

[11] M.Curie-Cohen, K.Lutrel and S.Saphiro, "Current Practice of artificial insemination by donor in the United States", The New England Journal of Medicine, 300(1972), Március 16, 585-590. old.

[12] Mark S. Frankel, "Artificial insemination and semen cryobanking: Health and safety concerns and the role of professional standards, Law and public policy", Legal Medical Quarterly, 3(1979), n.3, 93-99.old.

[13] Currie-Cohen, art.cit. 587.old.

[14] Roger L. Shinn:, "Is Nobel Sperm So Special?", Christianity and Crisis, 40 (I980), p. 171-173.

[15] Edward E. Wallach , "In Vitro fertilization and embryo transfer in 1982 - random thoughts ", Fertility and Sterility, 8 (1982), Dec. , 656-658 old.

[16] Ian Croft, "In vitro fertilization - a fast changing technique: ...", The Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine, 75 (1982), Apr, 253-257 old.

[17] I.I. Johnston, A. Lopata et aii: art. cit. p. 702. A. Lopata . Martin, K. Oliva et aii, "Embryonic development and blastocyst implantation following- in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer", Fertility and Sterility, 38 (1982), Dec. 682-687 old.; J. Leeton, A. Trounson, C. Wood, "In vitro fertilization and embryo transfer: What it is and how it works", in: Test Tube Babies; A guide to moral questions, present techniques and future possibilities, edited by W.A. Walters and P. Singer, Oxford University Pr., Melbourne, 1982, p. 2-10; Johnston, A. Lopata et alii: "In vitro fertilization : the challenge of the eighties ", Fertility and Sterility, 36 (1981), Dec., 699-706, 704 old.

[18] H.L. Speiers, A. Lopata et alii: "Analysis of the benefits and risks of multiple embryo transfer", Fertility and Sterility, 3 (1983) p. 468-471 old.

[19] I.Johnston A. Lopata et alii: art. cit. p. 705. H. Leridon, Human Fertility: The basic concepts, The University of Chicago Press, 1977. - F. E. French J. Bierman: Probabilities of fetal mortality. in: Public Health Reports, 77 (1962), p. 835.

[20] John D. Biggers: "In vitro fertilization and embryo transfer in human beings", The New England Journal of Medicine, 304, (1981), Febr. 5, p. 336-342, at p. 339, korábbi kutatások alapján. D. K. Edmunds, K. S. Lindsay et alii: "Early embryonic mortality in women", Fertility and Sterility, 38(1982), Oct., 447 old. Barbara E. Rolfe, "Detection of fetal wastage", Fertility, and Sterility, 38 (1982), May, 655 old ff.; Croft, art. cit., 255.old. az idézett szöveggel. Johnston ,A. Lopata et alii: art. cit. p. 705.

H.Leridon, Human Fertility: The basic concepts, The University of Chicago Press, 1977. F. E. French J. Bierman: "Probabilities of fetal mortality" in: Public Health Reports, 77 (1962), p. 835.

[21] Johnston A. Lopata et alii: art. cit. p. 705. H. Leridon, Human Fertility: The basic concepts, The University of Chicago Press, 1977. F. E. French J. Bierman: "Probabilities of fetal mortality" in: Public Health Reports, 77 (1962), p. 835; Mark I. Evans, Anil B. Mukherjee and Joseph Schulman: "Human in vitro fertilization", Obstetrical and Gynecological Survey, 35 (1980) n.3, p. 71-81, at p. 76.

C. Wood, A. Trounson et alii: "A clinical assesments of nine pregnancies obtained by in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer", Obstetrical and Gynecological Survey, 36(1981),454-457 old.; I. Croft, art. cit., 256 old.; E. E. Wallach, art. cit., 657 old.; H. W. Jones, art. cit., 146 old.; John Leeton, Alan Trunson, D. Jessup, Carl Wood, "The technique for human embryo transfer", Fertility and Sterility, 38 (1982), Aug. 156 old., E.E: Wallach, art. Cit., 657 old.

[22] Korábbi kutatások összefoglalója részletes bibliográfiával. - R. G. Edwards, P. C. Steptoe: a Establishing full term human pregnancies using cleaving embryos grown in vitro British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 87 (1980), p. 737.

I. Johnston A. Lopata et alii: art. cit. p. 705. H. Leridon, Human Fertility: The basic concepts, The University of Chicago Press, 1977. - F. E. French J. Bierman : a Probabilities of fetal mortality in: Public Health Reports, 77 (1962), p. 835.

[23] Mark I. Evans, Anil B. Mukherjee and Joseph Schulman: e Human in vitro fertilization Obstetrical and Gynecological Survey, 35 (1980) n. 3 p. 71-81, at p. 76. Korábbi kutatások összefoglalója részletes bibliográfiával. - R. G. Edwards, P. C. Steptoe: a Establishing full term human pregnancies using cleaving embryos grown in vitro _ British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 87 (1980), p. 737.

A. Lopata M. Martin, K. Oliva et alii, art. cit., 682. old.

[24] C. Wood, A. Trounson et alii: "A clinical assesments of nine pregnancies obtained by in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer", Obstetrical and Gynecological Survey, 36(1981), 54-457 old.

[25] A. Lopata M. Martin, K. Oliva et alii, art. cit., 682. old.

[26] ibid., 685-687 old

[27] I. Croft, art. cit., 256 old.; E. E. Wallach, art. cit., 657 old.; H. W. Jones, art. cit., 146 old.; John Leeton, Alan Trunson, D. Jessup, Carl Wood, "The technique for human embryo transfer", Fertility and Sterility, 38 (1982), Aug. 156 old.

[28] I. Johnston, A. I.Lopata et alii, art. cit., 705 old.; E.E: Wallach, art. Cit., 657 old.

[29] I. Johnston, A. Lopata et alii, art. cit., 705 old.

[30] Constance Holden: K Ethicist approves test-tube babies ", Science, 215(1982), Jan 22, 383-384 old.

[31] J..Biggers, art.cit., 1 old.; R.G.Edwards, J.M.Purdy, P.C.Steptoe, D.E.Walters, "The growth of human pre-implantation embryos in vitro", American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 141(1981), 408-416 old.

[32] M. D. Kirby, "Test-Tube man", The Medical Journal of Australia, July 11, 1981, 1-2 old.

[33] Federal Register, 49 n.118, col.35055-35058.; Patrick Verspieren S.J., "L'aventure de la fécondation in vitro",études, 357(1982),n 5, 479-492 old.

[34] "Research related to human fertilization and embryology", British Medical Journal, 285(1982), Nov.20, 1480 old.

[35] Clifford Grobstein, "The moral uses of 'spare' embryos", The Hastings Center Report, 12 (1982), June 5-6 old.; I.Johnston, A.Lopata et alii, art. cit., 704-705 old. S.Siegel, "Test Tube propagation", The Jewis Spectator, Winter 1978, 24.old.; I. Jakobovits, Jewish Medical Ethics, 1975, 272-273 old.; D.P.Cross, "Test-tube babies", Jewish Digest, Dec.1978, 69 old.

[36] S.Siegel, "Test Tube propagation", The Jewis Spectator, Winter 1978, 24.old.; I. Jakobovits, Jewish Medical Ethics, 1975, 272-273 old.; D.P.Cross, "Test-tube babies", Jewish Digest, Dec.1978, 69 old.

[37]H.Thiellicke, Ethics of Sex,1964, 252-254, 259 old.; H.L.Smith, Ethics and the New Medicine,1970, 83old.

[38] P.Ramsey, Fabricated Man, 1971, 47-47, 87 old.

[39] Phyllis Creighton, Artificial Insemination by Donor, 1977, 61-62 old.; The United Church of Canada, Report of the Commission on Ethics and Genetics, 1975.

[40] J.Fletcher, Humanhood: Essays in Biomedical Ethics, 1978, 88 old. ff.

[41] R.McCormick, How Brave a New World? Dilemmas in Bioethics, Doubleday, 1981, 318 old.

[42] Pius XII., Acta Apostolicae Sedis, 1951, 850 old.; A.A.S., 1949, 557 old. Ff.; A.A.S., 1950, 252 old.; A.A.S., 1956, 471 old.

[43] K.Rahner, "The problem of genetic manipulation", Theological Investigations, vol.IX, 246 old., B.Häring, Ethics of Manipulation, 1975, 200 old.

[44] L.Janssens, "Artificial Insemination : Ethical considerations" Louvain Studies, 8(1980), 3-29 old.

[45] R.McCormick; op. cit., 332 old.

[46] D.Roy, "AID: An Overview of Ethical Issues", in n: Human Artificial Insemination and Semen Preservation, edited by Georges David and Wendel S.Price, Plenum Publishing Co., 1980, 499-511.old., 504 és 507 oldalak.

[47] L.Janssens, art. cit., 29 old.

[48] K. .Rahner, op. Cit. 243 old. Rahner itt reprodukciós technológiáról beszél

[49] A. Hellegers, R. McCormick, "Unanswered questions on test. tube life", America, Aug. 18, 1978 74-78 old.