- The First Invasion, 1274

• Mongol fleet sailed from S. Korea
  • 15,000 Mongols, 8000 Korean soldiers, 67,000 ship workers, approx. 800 ships
• Mongol forces took islands of Tsushima and Iki, landed on Kyûshû, took Hakata, advanced toward Dazaifu
  • Mongol army fought in formation with poison arrows and explosives
  • Japanese defenders (3-6000) fought in small units, loyal to single commanders, looking for distinction
• Defenders unable to stop Mongol advance, but typhoon (kamkikaze) destroyed vessels and troops (estimated one-third did not return)

 - The Second Invasion, 1281

• After completing conquest of Sung in south by 1279, Mongols readied two forces against Japan
  • From S. China: 100,000 men on 3,500 ships
  • From Korea: 57,000 men on 900 ships
• Plan to coordinate at Iki island
  • Korean fleet jumped the gun, driven from Kyûshû
  • S. China fleet met up with K. forces and successfully landed on Kyûshû
• Defenses better than before, but looked bleak
  • Just before final attack, another typhoon
  • Mongol forces lost about 100,000 men

   - Egy megjegyzés a 'The Islamic World to 1600' site-ból: It is rather remarkable, considering the usual pattern in world history of a conquering power imposing its culture on its new subjects, that the Mongol conquerors of the Islamic world instead adopted the culture and religion of their subjects.