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Contents

Introduction - György Hárs

1 Kinematics of a particle - György Hárs
  1.1 Rectilinear motion
  1.2 Curvilinear motion

2 Dynamics of a Particle - György Hárs
  2.1 Inertial system
  2.2 The mass
  2.3 Linear momentum p
  2.4 Equation of motion
  2.5 The concept of weight
  2.6 The concept of work in physics
  2.7 Power
  2.8 Theorem of Work (Kinetic energy)
  2.9 Potential energy
  2.10 Conservation of the mechanical energy
  2.11 Energy relations at harmonic oscillatory motion
  2.12 Angular momentum
  2.13 Torque
  2.14 Central force field

3 Dynamics of system of particles - György Hárs
  3.1 Momentum in system of particles
  3.2 Angular momentum in system of particles
  3.3 Discussion of the total kinetic energy in the system of particles

4 Dynamics of rigid body - György Hárs
  4.1 Moment of inertia
  4.2 Equation of motion of the rigid body:
  4.3 Kinetic energy of the rigid body

5 Non-inertial (accelerating) reference frames - György Hárs
  5.1 Coordinate system with translational acceleration
  5.2 Coordinate system in uniform rotation

6 Oscillatory Motion - Gábor Dobos
  6.1 The simple harmonic oscillator
  6.2 Motion of a body attached to a spring
  6.3 Simple pendulum
  6.4 Energy in simple harmonic motion
  6.5 Damped oscillator
  6.6 Forced oscillations
  6.7 Superposition of simple harmonic oscillations

7 Waves - Gábor Dobos
  7.1 Sine wave
  7.2 Transverse wave on a string
  7.3 Energy transport by mechanical waves
  7.4 Group velocity
  7.5 Wave packets
  7.6 Standing waves
  7.7 The Doppler Effect

8 First law of thermodynamics and related subjects - György Hárs
  8.1 Ideal gas equation
  8.2 The internal energy of the gas U
  8.3 The p-V diagram
  8.4 Expansion work of the gas
  8.5 First law of thermodynamics
  8.6 Summary of the molar heat capacitances
  8.7 The Carnot cycle

9 The entropy and the second law of thermodynamics - György Hárs
  9.1 The entropy
  9.2 The isentropic process
  9.3 The microphysical meaning of entropy
  9.4 Gay-Lussac experiment
  9.5 The Boltzmann equation
  9.6 Approximate formula a sketch of proof
  9.7 Equalization process
  9.8 The second law of thermodynamics

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Introduction

Present work is the summary of the lectures held by the author at Budapest University of Technology and Economics. Long verbal explanations are not involved in the text, only some hints which make the reader to recall the lecture. Refer here to the book: Alonso/Finn Fundamental University Physics, Volume I where more details can be found.

Physical quantities are product of a measuring number and the physical unit. In contrast to mathematics, the accuracy or in other words the precision is always a secondary parameter of each physical quantity. Accuracy is determined by the number of valuable digits of the measuring number. Because of this 1500 m and 1.5 km are not equivalent in terms of accuracy. They have 1 m and 100 m absolute errors respectively. The often used term relative error is the ratio of the absolute error over the nominal value. The smaller is the relative error the higher the accuracy of the measurement. When making operations with physical quantities, remember that the result may not be more accurate than the worst of the factors involved. For instance, when dividing 3.2165 m with 2.1 s to find the speed of some particle, the result 1.5316667 m/s is physically incorrect. Correctly it may contain only two valuable digits, just like the time data, so the correct result is 1.5 m/s.

The physical quantities are classified as fundamental quantities and derived quantities. The fundamental quantities and their units are defined by standard or in other words etalon. The etalons are stored in relevant institute in Paris. The fundamental quantities are the length, the time and the mass. The corresponding units are meter (m), second (s) and kilogram (kg) respectively. These three fundamental quantities are sufficient to build up the mechanics. The derived quantities are all other quantities which are the result of some kind of mathematical operations. To describe electric phenomena the fourth fundamental quantity has been introduced. This is ampere (A) the unit of electric current. This will be used extensively in Physics 2, when dealing with electricity.

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