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Contents

1 Electrostatic phenomena - György Hárs
1.1 Fundamental experimental phenomena
1.2 The electric field
1.3 The flux
1.4 Gauss's law
1.5 Point charges and the Coulomb's law
1.6 Conservative force field
1.7 Voltage and potential
1.8 Gradient
1.9 Spherical structures
  1.9.1 Metal sphere
  1.9.2 Sphere with uniform space charge density
1.10 Cylindrical structures
  1.10.1 Infinite metal cylinder
  1.10.2 Infinite cylinder with uniform space charge density
1.11 Infinite parallel plate with uniform surface charge density
1.12 Capacitors
  1.12.1 Cylindrical capacitor
  1.12.2 Spherical capacitor
1.13 Principle of superposition

2 Dielectric materials - György Hárs
2.1 The electric dipole
2.2 Polarization
2.3 Dielectric displacement
2.4 Electric permittivity (dielectric constant)
2.5 Gauss's law and the dielectric material
2.6 Inhomogeneous dielectric materials
2.7 Demonstration examples
  2.7.1
  2.7.2
2.8 Energy relations
  2.8.1 Energy stored in the capacitor
  2.8.2 Principle of the virtual work

3 Stationary electric current (direct current) - György Hárs
3.1 Definition of Ampere
3.2 Current density (j)
3.3 Ohm's law
3.4 Joule's law
3.5 Microphysical interpretation

4 Magnetic phenomena in space - György Hárs
4.1 The vector of magnetic induction (B)
4.2 The Lorentz force
  4.2.1 Cyclotron frequency
  4.2.2 The Hall effect
4.3 Magnetic dipole
4.4 Earth as a magnetic dipole
4.5 Biot-Savart law
  4.5.1 Magnetic field of the straight current
  4.5.2 Central magnetic field of the polygon and of the circle
4.6 Ampere's law
  4.6.1 Thick rod with uniform current density
  4.6.2 Solenoid
  4.6.3 Toroidal coil
4.7 Magnetic flux

5 Magnetic field and the materials - György Hárs
5.1 Three basic types of magnetic behavior
5.2 Solenoid coil with iron core
5.3 Ampere's law and the magnetic material
5.4 Inhomogeneous magnetic material
5.5 Demonstration example
5.6 Solenoid with iron core

6 Time dependent electromagnetic field - György Hárs
6.1 Motion related electromagnetic induction
  6.1.1 Plane generator (DC voltage)
  6.1.2 Rotating frame generator (AC voltage)
  6.1.3 Eddy currents
6.2 Electromagnetic induction at rest
  6.2.1 The mutual and the self induction
  6.2.2 Induced voltage of a current loop
  6.2.3 The transformer
  6.2.4 Energy stored in the coil
6.3 The Maxwell equations

7 Electromagnetic oscillations and waves - Gábor Dobos
7.1 Electrical oscillators
7.2 Electromagnetic waves in perfect vacuum
7.3 Electromagnetic waves in non-conductive media
7.4 Direction of the E and B fields
7.5 Pointing Vector
7.6 Light-pressure
7.7 Skin depth
7.8 Reflection and refraction

8 Geometrical Optics - Gábor Dobos
8.1 Total internal reflection
8.2 Spherical Mirror
8.3 Thin spherical lenses
8.4 Projection by spherical lenses and mirrors
8.5 Aberrations

9 Wave optics - Gábor Dobos
9.1 Young's double slit experiment
9.2 Coherence
9.3 Multiple slit diffraction
9.4 Fraunhofer diffraction
9.5 Thin layer interference

10 Einstein's Special Theory of Relativity - Gábor Dobos
10.1 The Aether Hypothesis and The Michelson-Morley Experiment
10.2 Einstein's Special Theory of Relativity
10.3 Lorentz contraction and time dilatation
10.4 Velocity addition
10.5 Connection between relativistic and classical physics

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Introduction

Present work is the summary of the lectures held by the author at Budapest University of Technology and Economics. Long verbal explanations are not involved in the text, only some hints which make the reader to recall the lecture. Refer here the book: Alonso/Finn Fundamental University Physics, Volume II where more details can be found.

Physical quantities are the product of a measuring number and the physical unit. In contrast to mathematics, the accuracy or in other words the precision is always a secondary parameter of each physical quantity. Accuracy is determined by the number of valuable digits of the measuring number. Because of this 1500 V and 1.5 kV are not equivalent in terms of accuracy. They have 1 V and 100 V absolute errors respectively. The often used term relative error is the ratio of the absolute error over the nominal value. The smaller is the relative error the higher the accuracy of the measurement. When making operations with physical quantities, remember that the result may not be more accurate than the worst of the factors involved. For instance, when dividing 3.2165 V with 2.1 A to find the resistance of some conductor, the result 1.5316667 ohm is physically incorrect. Correctly it may contain only two valuable digits, just like the current data, so the correct result is 1.5 ohm.

The physical quantities are classified as fundamental quantities and derived quantities. The fundamental quantities and their units are defined by standard or in other words etalon. The etalons are stored in relevant institute in Paris. The fundamental quantities are the length, the time and the mass. The corresponding units are meter (m), second (s) and kilogram (kg) respectively. These three fundamental quantities are sufficient to build up the mechanics. The derived quantities are all other quantities which are the result of some kind of mathematical operations. To describe electric phenomena the fourth fundamental quantity has been introduced. This is ampere (A) the unit of electric current. This will be used extensively in Physics 2, when dealing with electricity.

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